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The Fluency
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Resources

Grammar, compared

Two easy-to-mix forms side by side, with practice.

Level
Topic

20 pages

Resource pages
PageLevelTopic
Present perfect vs past simpleBoth talk about the past. The past simple closes it. The present perfect keeps it connected to now.B1Tenses
Present simple vs present continuousThe present simple is for what is always true. The present continuous is for what is happening around now.A2Tenses
Past simple vs past continuousThe past simple tells what happened. The past continuous sets the scene: what was in progress.B1Tenses
Will vs going toGoing to is for plans and what you can see coming. Will is for decisions now, opinions and promises.A2Tenses
Gerund vs infinitiveAfter some verbs you use -ing, after others you use to. The verb decides. There is a pattern to learn, not a rule to guess.B1Verb patterns
Must vs have to vs shouldMust and have to are close. Mustn't and don't have to are opposites. Should is advice.B1Modal verbs
First vs second conditionalThe first conditional is for real, possible futures. The second is for imaginary or unlikely ones.B1Conditionals
Make vs doMake is for creating something. Do is for tasks and activities. Many pairs simply have to be learned as a unit.B1Word choice, Vocabulary
Much vs many, few vs littleMany goes with things you can count. Much goes with things you cannot. A lot of works with both.A2Articles and quantity, Vocabulary
In, on and atThink small to large. At is a point, on is a surface or a day, in is a space or a longer period.A2Prepositions
For vs sinceFor gives how long. Since gives the starting point. Both usually take the present perfect.B1Tenses
Used to vs be used toUsed to is a past habit that stopped. Be used to means something is familiar and normal now.B1Verb patterns, Tenses
Present perfect simple vs continuousThe simple form shows the result and how many. The continuous form shows the activity and how long.B2Tenses
Say vs tellTell always needs a person: tell me. Say does not: say hello. Many phrases are fixed, so learn them in pairs.B1Word choice, Vocabulary
Comparatives and superlativesThe comparative compares two things: taller. The superlative picks the top of a group: the tallest.A2Comparing
A, an, the or no articleA means one of many. The means we both know which one. No article is for general ideas.B1Articles and quantity
Active vs passive voiceIn the active, the subject does the action. In the passive, the focus is on what happens to something.B2Passive and reported speech
Direct vs reported speechTo report what someone said, most tenses move one step back. Pronouns and time words change too.B2Passive and reported speech
Who, which, that and whoseRelative words join a clause to a noun. Who is for people, which for things, whose for possession and where for places.B1Word choice
Too vs enough vs veryToo is more than you want. Enough is as much as you need. Very is a lot, with no problem.B1Comparing, Word choice