Can I use for with the past simple?

Yes, for a finished period: I lived in Chile for two years. The present perfect is for something that is still true.

What is the difference between for and during?

For gives how long: for two hours. During says when something happens: during the meeting.

Grammar, compared

For gives how long. Since gives the starting point. Both usually take the present perfect.

For / Since
For	Since
I've lived here for five years.	I've lived here since 2020.
She has worked here for a long time.	She has worked here since March.
We've been friends for ages.	We've been friends since school.

For and since compared
Point	For	Since
Answers	How long?	From when?
Goes with	A period: two hours, three weeks, ten years, a long time	A starting point: 9 am, Monday, 2019, I was a child
Tense	Present perfect for something that continues	Present perfect, with a past starting point
Finished period	I lived in Chile for two years. (Past simple)	Not used

Spanish uses the present: vivo aquí desde 2020. English needs the present perfect: I have lived here since 2020, not I live here since 2020.
Hace cinco años que vivo aquí is I have lived here for five years.
For is not during. For gives the length (for two hours). During gives when (during the meeting).
For a finished period, use the past simple: I lived there for two years. I don't live there now.

Can I use for with the past simple?: Yes, for a finished period: I lived in Chile for two years. The present perfect is for something that is still true.
What is the difference between for and during?: For gives how long: for two hours. During says when something happens: during the meeting.

Book a trial class. She writes back with times in Buenos Aires time.